Settling taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in brine shrimps,<i>Artemia</i>(Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca), by integrating mitogenomics, marker discordances and nomenclature rules

High morphological plasticity in populations of brine shrimp subjected to different environmental conditions, mainly salinity, hindered for centuries the identification taxonomic entities encompassed within Artemia . In addition, mismatch between molecular and evolution rates complicates characterization evolutionary lineages, generating problems. Here, we propose a phylogenetic hypothesis based on two new complete mitogenomes, determine levels congruence definition units using nuclear mtDNA data. We used fossil calibrate clock discuss divergence times genus. The proposed herein suggests more recent time frame lineage splitting than previously considered. Phylogeographic analyses were performed GenBank available mitochondrial markers. Evidence gen e flow, identified through discordances markers, was reconsider specific status some taxa. As result, consider be represented by five units: Southern Cone, Mediterranean—South African, New World, Western Asian, Eastern Asian Lineages. After an exhaustive bibliographical revision, unavailable names nomenclatural purposes discarded. remaining have been assigned their respective lineage. proper which shrimps are structured remain as follows: persimilis Piccinelli &amp; Prosdocimi, 1968 Cone Lineage, salina (Linnaeus, 1758) Mediterranean-SouthAfrican urmiana Günther, 1899 sinica Cai, 1989 Lineage. name monica Verrill, 1869 has priority over A. franciscana Kellogg, 1906 naming World synonymies ( = C. dybowskii Grochowski, 1896 n. syn. , tunisiana Bowen Sterling, 1978 ), (= syn ., var. pacifica Sars, 1904 ); B. milhausenii Fischer de Waldheim, 1834 koeppeniana Fischer, 1851 proxima King, 1855 s. biloba Entz, 1886 furcata asiatica Walter, 1887 parthenogenetica ebinurica Qian Wang, 1992 murae Naganawa, 2017 frameshifta Naganawa Mura, ). Internal deep structuring clades, might suggest existence additional these